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Lead was probably one of the first metals to be produced by man. Pearls of metallic Lead and Copper were found at archaeological stratum X at Catal Huyuk, Konya, Anatolia, Turkey, dated at around 6500 BC. Perhaps the first written mention as "abaru" is on Babylonian tablets found in the library of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (668-626 BC). One of them includes a hymn to Gibil, the god of fire: "You melt Copper and Lead, you clean Gold and Silver". During the excavations of the city of Ashur a Lead chunk of 400 kilograms was discovered, which dates from 1300 BC. In the Ebers Papyrus, an Egyptian compendium of medicin, dated at around 1550 BC, Lead is mentioned.

It is also mentioned several times in the Old Testament, such as: "Thou didst blow with thy wind, the sea covered them: they sank as lead in the mighty waters." (Exodus 15, 10). "Only the gold, and the silver, the brass, the iron, the tin, and the lead, Every thing that may abide the fire, ye shall make it go through the fire, and it shall be clean " (Numbers 31, 22-23). The manner in which prehistoric people extracted lead from its minerals is not well-known. However, there are vestiges of very rudimentary furnaces, done of stone, where these people heated up the lead minerals with bonfires (that burned wood and coal) to extract the element.

In the fifth century BC the Romans made an extensive exploration of lead deposits in the whole Iberian Peninsula. In the period 700 AD to 1000 AD the German mines of lead and silver, in the Rhine valley and in the Hartz mountains, were very important, just as those of Saxony, Silesia and Bohemia in the 13th century. The alchemists believed Lead to be the oldest metal and associated it with the planet Saturn. Because of its heavy weight it played a special role in the alchemic operations, they assigned to it the ability easily to be converted into Gold. They had many names for it, some secret, among others Plumbago (lead ore).

Plumbum and μολυβδος (Italic branch, Greek) According to most linguists are the Latin Plumbum and the Greek μολυβδος [molybdos] borrowed from the same older language, from which also the Georgian prpeni, brpeni = lead, tin, and the Baskian beran (beruna) were derived. The original language is not, as was thought earlier, Indogermanic or a Semitic language, but more likely a prehellenic language from the Aegeic area. The linguist Van Windekens supposes that Pelasgian was the donor language and unclosed the root *b(o)lub. Other see the Iberian language as the donor of both words, since the Iberian peninsula is rather rich of lead. Also the Celtic language was seen as the source. It is also tried to interpret the Latin plumbum with help of Indogermanic languages in the suffix -bho-, often used for the names of animals and colours; thus to trace plumbum back to pl-on-bho and to include it in the family of the Greek πελιος [pelios] = bluish-black. Others see both these names derived from the Sanskrit bahu-mala = very dirty. Plumbum was the generic name for soft white metals with low melting points, as lead and tin, and later also bismuth and their alloys. Later plumbum was differentiated with the addition of black and white: Plumbum album (white plumbum; or Plumbum candidum) for Tin and Plumbum nigrum (black plumbum) for Lead.

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